Cortical circuits refer to the intricate networks of interconnected neurons within the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions such as sensory perception, memory, attention, and decision-making. These circuits are structured in a highly organized manner and are composed of various types of neurons that communicate with each other through complex patterns of electrical and chemical signaling. Research in this area focuses on understanding the organization, function, and plasticity of cortical circuits, as well as how disruptions in these circuits contribute to neurological and psychiatric disorders. By studying cortical circuits, researchers aim to gain insights into the fundamental principles of brain function and potentially develop new therapeutic strategies for treating brain disorders.